Choosing Your Urban Scooter: More Than Just Price, It's About Practicality
When it comes to replacing your car or public transport for short city trips, the question of weight, actual range, and ease of use becomes far more critical than maximum power. Many new users initially focus on top speed or price, but daily use quickly reveals other priorities: can this device really be carried up to the third floor? How many kilometers can one travel without recharging under normal conditions? And most importantly, is it usable right out of the box?
For a beginner in electric mobility, a scooter weighing less than 25 kg with a confirmed range of 20 to 30 km in real conditions represents the threshold of urban practicality. Beyond this weight, manual transport becomes cumbersome. Below 20 km of effective range, battery anxiety quickly sets in, especially if there are inclines on the route.
The difference between high-end models at €1000 and options around €400-500 lies not so much in their ability to navigate the city, but rather in long-distance comfort, resistance to intensive weather, and overall lifespan. For daily urban use of 5 to 10 km per day, intermediate models often offer a better utility-to-price ratio than ultra-high-performance versions.
Why is the weight of an electric scooter more important than you think?
In product descriptions, weight appears as just another technical specification. However, in real urban use, it is often the factor that determines whether the device will be used every day or abandoned after a few weeks.
A scooter weighing 30 kg or more quickly becomes a burden as soon as you have to carry it. Going up stairs, loading it into a car trunk, moving it through a narrow hallway: all these daily situations turn into an uncomfortable physical exercise. For users living in apartments without an elevator, the practical limit is around 22-23 kg maximum. Beyond that, the effort required discourages regular use.
Conversely, a 20-21 kg scooter remains transportable by most adults, even up several flights of stairs. It's not comfortable, but it's feasible without assistance. This difference of a few kilograms radically alters the user experience and frequency of use.
The usual compromise to reduce weight is to decrease battery capacity or simplify suspension systems. Models around 21 kg that retain dual suspensions (front and rear) and a 48V 14Ah battery represent an interesting technical balance: they remain maneuverable while offering enough range for daily urban commutes.
For people who combine several modes of transport (train + scooter, for example), weight becomes even more critical. It's no longer just about going up stairs, but maneuvering the device in crowded spaces, lifting it over obstacles, or balancing it while buying a ticket. In these contexts, every extra kilogram truly matters.
What actual range can you expect from an electric scooter in daily use?
Manufacturers often advertise maximum ranges calculated under optimal conditions: ideal temperature of 20°C, flat terrain, moderate speed, 70 kg user. In urban reality, the effective range is generally between 40% and 60% of the advertised value.
Several factors systematically reduce the actual range. User weight has a direct impact: a 90 kg rider will consume approximately 25 to 30% more energy than a 70 kg rider on the same journey. Cold temperatures (below 10°C) reduce lithium-ion battery capacity by 15 to 25%. Uphill climbs, even moderate ones, can double or triple consumption on the affected sections.
Riding speed also plays a major role. Constantly riding at maximum speed reduces range by 30 to 40% compared to riding at 70-80% of available power. This is particularly true for models whose maximum speed exceeds 30 km/h: maintaining these speeds puts significant strain on the battery.
For a scooter advertised with 45 km of range, it is reasonable to plan for an actual range of 20 to 30 km in mixed urban conditions (some hills, varying temperature, average weight). This estimate helps avoid unpleasant surprises and the anxiety of a dead battery mid-journey.
A practical indicator: if your daily commute is 8 km round trip (16 km per day), a scooter with an advertised 45 km range will allow you to ride 1 to 2 days without recharging under normal conditions, or 3 to 4 days if you ride moderately. This safety margin is important for managing unforeseen events (detours, forgotten recharge).
48V batteries with a capacity of 14 Ah or more currently represent a good standard for daily use. They offer enough energy reserve to absorb variations in conditions without compromising daily mobility.
Assembly and setup: what distinguishes an accessible scooter from a complex model?
For a beginner, ease of setup is as important as technical performance. A scooter that requires two hours of assembly, complex adjustments, or specific mechanical knowledge creates an unnecessary barrier to entry.
Well-designed models for the general consumer market arrive with minimal assembly required: handlebar attachment (usually four Allen screws), brake lever positioning, and that's it. The entire process should not exceed 15 to 20 minutes, including tools provided. The battery is already partially charged (70-80%), allowing for an immediate first test ride.
This approach contrasts with some high-end or specialized models that arrive in separate parts and require actual assembly. For an experienced user or a mechanics enthusiast, this is not a problem. For someone simply looking for functional transportation, it is a major obstacle.
The accessibility of adjustments also matters. Brakes should be adjustable without special tools, handlebar height should lock intuitively, and safety features (lights, reflectors) should be pre-installed. Each additional complication increases the risk of the user riding with unsuitable or dangerous settings.
The presence of clear instructions in French (for the European market) or English (for North America) is not anecdotal. Many incidents stem from a poor understanding of usage limits or safety procedures, simply because the documentation was missing or poorly translated.
Suspension and ride comfort: when are they really necessary?
The debate between scooters with or without suspension comes up regularly, but the answer depends directly on the condition of the roads and bike paths you will be using daily.
On perfectly smooth surfaces (new bike paths, recent pedestrian areas), suspensions are not essential. Adequate wheel size (8.5 to 10 inches) with pneumatic tires is sufficient to absorb minor irregularities. However, as soon as the route includes cobblestones, pronounced expansion joints, degraded roads, or sidewalk crossings, the absence of suspensions results in noticeable physical fatigue and an uncomfortable ride.
Dual suspensions (front and rear) filter vertical shocks and allow for maintaining a constant speed without being constantly rattled. This is not a luxury, but a safety feature: a more comfortable ride allows you to stay focused on traffic rather than vibrations.
The quality of suspensions varies considerably. True spring shocks, even basic ones, are more effective than chassis flex suspension systems or purely cosmetic suspensions found on some entry-level models. When evaluating a model, it is useful to check that the suspensions have a visible travel (real movement) and are not merely decorative.
A simple test involves pushing firmly on the handlebars and the deck: if the suspensions compress several centimeters and then return to their position, they are functional. If nothing moves or if the movement is minimal, their effectiveness will be limited.
For users over 80-90 kg, suspensions become particularly important because weight amplifies the impact of every irregularity. Conversely, lightweight users (under 65 kg) can afford to sacrifice suspensions if the overall weight of the scooter is a priority.
Braking systems: what configurations offer sufficient safety in an urban environment?
Effective braking is the only active safety system on an electric scooter, and yet it is often the least detailed element in product descriptions. Understanding the differences between braking systems allows for informed choices.
The most common configurations combine several types of brakes. Mechanical braking (disc brake or drum brake) offers immediate power and works even if the electronics fail. Electronic braking (regenerative) uses the motor as a brake, which slightly recharges the battery but offers limited power at low speeds.
A balanced configuration for urban use combines a disc brake on the front wheel and a dual system (drum + electronic) on the rear wheel. This distribution allows for progressive and powerful braking: the front brake provides 60 to 70% of the stopping power, while the rear brake stabilizes and prevents locking.
Drum brakes, although less reactive than disc brakes, have an advantage in daily use: they are protected from water and dust, thus requiring less maintenance. For a beginner who is not used to maintaining a braking system, this robustness is a real asset.
Adjusting electronic braking via a mobile app allows you to adapt the power to your riding style. Too strong electronic braking can surprise and destabilize a novice rider, while too weak a setting dangerously extends stopping distances. The ability to progressively adjust this parameter as experience is gained improves the learning curve.
An often overlooked point: the brake lever must be accessible and easily actuated, even with gloves. The position of the levers should be adjustable to fit different hand sizes. This ergonomic detail directly influences reaction times in emergency situations.
Legal compliance and speed limits: understanding what is allowed
Electric scooter regulations vary by country, but in Europe, the standard legal limit is 25 km/h maximum on public roads. This limit applies right out of the box: scooters sold in the EU must be speed-limited to 25 km/h in their factory configuration.
Some models offer the technical possibility of "unlocking" higher speeds (up to 40 km/h) through specific manipulations (key combinations, app modifications). It is crucial to understand that using these unlocked modes on public roads is illegal and exposes riders to fines, confiscation of the device, and annulment of any insurance in case of an accident.
This unlocking capability exists for several reasons: some non-EU markets have different limits, some users want higher speeds on private land, and technically, electronically limiting a motor capable of more is simpler than producing several different versions.
For a beginner, the recommendation is clear: do not unlock the speed and focus on mastering riding at 25 km/h. This speed is already significant and requires real acclimatization, especially in dense urban environments with pedestrians, cyclists, and cars.
Intermediate speed modes (6, 10, 15, 20 km/h) are not just there to comply with the law: they have real practical utility. The 6 km/h mode allows riding in densely populated pedestrian areas. The 15 km/h mode is ideal for shared bike paths. Using the appropriate mode for the context is not a constraint; it's an adaptation to sharing public space.
Insurance and civil liability are also linked to legal compliance. In France, for example, civil liability insurance is mandatory for electric scooters. In case of an accident with an unbridled vehicle, the insurance may refuse any coverage, leaving the rider personally responsible for all damages.
Mobile applications and connectivity: gadget or useful feature?
The presence of a companion mobile application to manage an electric scooter might seem superfluous, but some features offer real daily usage value.
Remote locking is particularly relevant. Even if a scooter isn't as attractive to thieves as a bicycle, the ability to temporarily lock it via the app while you're in a store adds a layer of security. This locking disables the motor and triggers an alarm if someone tries to move the device.
Electronic braking adjustment, as mentioned earlier, allows you to progressively adapt braking power as you gain confidence. For a beginner, starting with gentle braking and then increasing it after a few weeks of use improves safety and comfort.
Real-time display of statistics (current speed, remaining range, distance traveled) can be done either via the integrated screen on the handlebar or via the app in overlay mode on a smartphone attached to the handlebar. This second option offers a larger and more readable display, particularly useful for users who have difficulty reading small screens.
Tracking ride history is not essential, but it allows for precise calculation of actual usage costs (total distance, energy consumed) and comparison with alternatives (public transport, car). For someone justifying the purchase of a scooter by savings, having this factual data is reassuring.
Some applications also allow firmware updates, fixing bugs or improving certain aspects of riding. This software update capability extends the useful life of the device and prevents premature obsolescence.
However, excessive reliance on the app (e.g., inability to start without an active Bluetooth connection) can become problematic. The best designs allow for basic use without a smartphone, with the app serving only for advanced settings.
Water resistance and weather conditions: how far can you go?
The IPX4 protection rating has become a standard for consumer electric scooters, but it is essential to understand precisely what this certification covers and what it does not.
IPX4 means protection against water splashes from all directions. Concretely, this allows use in light to moderate rain, on wet roads, with splashes. It absolutely does not permit crossing deep puddles, even partial immersion, or use in prolonged heavy rain.
The critical limit is at the electrical connectors and seals. Even with IPX4 certification, water that accumulates or penetrates under pressure (e.g., quickly crossing a puddle) can reach the electronic components. The consequences range from temporary malfunction to permanent failure of the battery or controller.
For daily use in Europe or North America, where rain is frequent, a reasonable strategy is to ride in light rain if necessary, but to deliberately avoid large puddles and dry the device after use. Leaving the scooter out in the rain for hours, even with IPX4, gradually degrades the waterproofing.
Winter temperatures pose another challenge. Below 0°C, lithium-ion batteries temporarily lose capacity and recharge less efficiently. Below -10°C, use becomes risky for the battery. If you need to ride in winter, it is preferable to store the scooter indoors and take it out just before use, minimizing exposure to the cold.
Snow and ice create another limitation: the small wheels of electric scooters do not have the necessary grip to ride safely on these surfaces. Even with caution, the risk of falling is too high. The electric scooter is a three-season vehicle (spring, summer, autumn), not four seasons.
Hills and inclines: what real capacity in urban conditions?
Manufacturers often advertise impressive climbing capabilities (e.g., 30% gradient), but these values are calculated under optimal conditions that do not reflect prolonged use in a hilly city.
A 30% slope corresponds to a very steep climb (about 17 degrees), rarely encountered in urban areas outside of exceptionally steep neighborhoods. Typical urban hills are more likely between 5% and 15%. A scooter theoretically capable of handling 30% will manage these moderate slopes without difficulty, but with an important nuance: the duration of the effort counts as much as the maximum slope.
A 750W motor used intensively on a long climb (several hundred meters) can enter thermal protection mode. This safety mode automatically reduces power to prevent overheating, sometimes bringing the speed down to 6-8 km/h. This is not a malfunction; it's a protective measure, but it significantly extends travel time.
To avoid this problem, several strategies exist. Reducing speed before tackling the climb (riding at 15-18 km/h instead of 25 km/h) reduces the strain on the motor. Alternating acceleration and coasting on long slopes allows the motor time to cool down slightly. On truly steep climbs, dismounting and pushing the scooter for a short section remains the safest solution.
The total weight (user + carried load) has a major impact on climbs. A 120 kg user approaching the maximum load limit will see significantly reduced uphill performance compared to a 75 kg user. This is not a design flaw; it's physics: moving a larger mass proportionally requires more energy.
For daily commutes that include climbs, it is wise to test the route during a cool period (if possible) before committing to this routine in summer. High temperatures reduce the available thermal margin, increasing the risk of triggering protection mode.
Lighting and visibility: beyond legal requirements
The presence of front and rear lights is mandatory for night riding or in low visibility, but not all lighting systems are equal in terms of actual effectiveness.
A front light must perform two functions: illuminate the road ahead of you and make you visible to other road users. On entry-level models, the lighting is often sufficient for visibility but insufficient to effectively illuminate beyond a few meters. If your journey includes unlit sections, additional lighting (a lamp attached to the handlebars) significantly improves safety.
The rear light should ideally integrate a braking function (intensifying when braking), alerting following vehicles. This feature, present on some models, reduces the risk of rear-end collisions, particularly relevant in cities where safety distances are often reduced.
Side turn signals with an audible warning represent an interesting development for safety. Signaling a change of direction on a scooter is complicated: letting go of one hand from the handlebars to make a gesture reduces stability and control. Turn signals that can be activated without letting go of the grips (via a button on the handlebars) allow you to signal your intentions without compromising safety.
Ambient lighting (light strips on the sides) has no legal function but improves lateral visibility, especially useful at intersections where vehicles approach perpendicularly. It is not essential, but in a dense urban environment, every element that increases your visibility reduces the risk of accidents.
Some users add reflective tape to the side surfaces of their scooter. This simple and inexpensive modification significantly improves passive visibility (without consuming energy) for vehicles whose headlights sweep laterally.
Storage and bulk: integrating the scooter into your living space
Unlike a bicycle, an electric scooter generally does not have a compact folding system, or if it does, the folding does not sufficiently reduce its dimensions to store it in a standard cupboard. It will remain a sizable object in your living space.
Typical dimensions of a scooter with suspension are approximately 120 cm long by 60 cm high when folded. This is roughly the size of a medium-sized vacuum cleaner. In an apartment, you need to plan a dedicated space, usually in the entrance or against a living room wall.
The kickstand must be robust enough to keep the scooter stable without risk of falling. A model that frequently falls can damage its surroundings (walls, furniture) and itself (screen, mirrors, handles). Checking the quality of the kickstand before purchase avoids these inconveniences.
For users combining a scooter and a car, the trunk becomes the mobile storage space. A 21 kg scooter remains manageable for daily loading and unloading. This practice is common for those who park on the outskirts and finish their journey by scooter, thus avoiding restricted traffic areas or parking difficulties in the city center.
The charging cable must also be stored, either on the scooter itself (some models have a designated space) or in a separate bag. Systematically carrying the cable allows for opportunistic charging (at the office, at a friend's house) and prevents running out of battery.
Preventive maintenance: what a beginner should look out for
Unlike a traditional bicycle, an electric scooter requires little regular mechanical maintenance, but some simple checks significantly extend its lifespan.
Tire pressure is the first thing to check regularly (approximately every two weeks). Under-inflated tires increase rolling resistance (thus reducing range), make riding less stable, and accelerate wear. The recommended pressure is generally indicated on the tire sidewall, typically between 3 and 3.5 bar for this type of device.
Screws and bolts can loosen with vibrations. A quick monthly check of the main fasteners (handlebars, suspensions, mudguards) with an Allen key set is sufficient. A loose bolt that falls off during a ride can turn a minor inconvenience into an immobilizing breakdown.
The mechanical braking system requires occasional adjustment. Brake cables stretch slightly with use, gradually increasing the lever's travel. When you have to pull the lever almost completely to achieve effective braking, it's time to readjust the cable. This simple operation (a few turns of an adjustment knob) prevents the gradual degradation of safety.
The lithium-ion battery slowly degrades over time and with charge cycles. To maximize its lifespan, it is advisable not to regularly let it fully discharge or keep it constantly at 100%. The ideal for long-term storage is around 50-60% charge. In daily use, recharging before dropping below 20% and unplugging at 90-95% optimizes longevity.
If the scooter remains unused for several weeks (holidays, winter), a monthly recharge to approximately 60% prevents deep degradation of the battery. Leaving a lithium-ion battery completely discharged for months can render it permanently unusable.
Realistic use cases: for whom is this type of equipment truly suitable?
Not all urban mobility situations equally benefit from an electric scooter. Precisely identifying your use case helps ensure that it is indeed the best solution for your actual needs.
The ideal profile for an intermediate category scooter (€400-500, approximately 20-22 kg, 20-30 km real range) is a daily commute of 5 to 12 km in an urban or peri-urban environment with cycling infrastructure. The person lives in an apartment a few floors up but not beyond the third without an elevator. Extreme weather conditions (snow, ice, torrential rain) are occasional, not daily.
For longer journeys (15-20 km), this type of equipment reaches its limits in terms of range and comfort. A higher-end scooter (larger battery, reinforced suspension) becomes necessary. Investing in an intermediate model for intensive long-distance use quickly leads to frustration and potentially premature wear.
For very short journeys (less than 3 km), the question is different: a classic non-electric scooter, a bicycle, or even walking may be more appropriate. The €400-500 investment and the need to manage recharging are only truly justified from a certain daily mileage.
People over 120 kg should be careful: although some models claim to support this weight, performance (range, climbs, comfort) will be significantly reduced. Choosing a model sized for 150 kg if you weigh 110-120 kg offers a better user experience.
For parents considering buying this type of equipment for a teenager, the question of maturity and awareness of road hazards is central. A scooter capable of traveling at 25 km/h (or more if unlocked) requires reflexes and a sense of anticipation that not all teenagers have developed. Initial supervision and progressive support are essential.
Expected lifespan and total cost of ownership
The cost question is not limited to the purchase price. The total cost of ownership over three years includes energy, wear parts, and potentially a replacement battery.
For a model around €420-450, with daily use of 10 km, here is a realistic estimate of costs over three years:
- Initial purchase: €450
- Electricity (approx. 500 charges over 3 years at €0.50 per full charge): €250
- Tire replacement (once): €60-80
- Brake pad/cable replacement: €30-40
- Battery replacement (possibly necessary after 500-800 full cycles): €150-200
Estimated total cost over three years: €940-1020, or approximately €26-28 per month, or €0.25-0.28 per kilometer traveled.
In comparison, an urban public transport subscription typically costs €60-80 per month (€720-960 per year, €2160-2880 over three years). The savings become substantial as soon as the scooter effectively replaces public transport.
Compared to a car, the savings are even more pronounced: 10 daily kilometers (about 250 km per month) by car easily cost €100-150 monthly (fuel + wear + parking), or €3600-5400 over three years.
The scooter becomes profitable as soon as it is used regularly as a replacement for another paid mode of transport, not simply as an additional recreational use.
The physical lifespan of the device strongly depends on maintenance and usage conditions. A well-maintained model, used within recommended limits, can function for 5 to 7 years before needing a complete replacement. The battery will probably be changed once or twice in this period, but the chassis, motor, and electronics can last.
Alternatives and complementary options to consider
Before deciding to purchase an electric scooter, examining the alternatives ensures that it is indeed the best solution for your specific context.
The electric bicycle offers several advantages: greater range, carrying capacity (panniers, luggage racks), better stability. Its disadvantages: greater bulk, generally higher weight (20-25 kg for light models), often higher price (starting from €800-1000). For journeys over 15 km or requiring regular carrying of loads, the electric bicycle is often more appropriate.
Shared scooter systems (Lime, Tier, Voi, etc.) available in many cities offer flexibility without the initial investment or maintenance. The typical cost of €0.15-0.25 per minute (i.e., €3-5 for 20 minutes) makes this option attractive for occasional use. However, for regular daily use, buying a personal scooter becomes more economical after 2-4 months.
High-end mechanical (non-electric) scooters, with large wheels and suspension, are a zero-maintenance alternative for short distances (up to 5 km) on relatively flat terrain. They cost €150-300, require no recharging or insurance, and offer excellent physical exercise. For someone in good physical condition on a short, flat commute, this is an often underestimated option.
The classic bicycle (non-electric) remains the most economical and ecological option for most urban journeys. Psychological barriers (physical effort, sweating) are often overestimated: with a regular 10 km commute, physical condition improves quickly and the effort becomes moderate.
Example of practical integration into a daily routine
To concretely illustrate the use of an intermediate electric scooter, let's consider a realistic case. Marie lives in the suburbs of a medium-sized European city, on the second floor without an elevator. Her workplace is 8 km away, accessible by a bike path for two-thirds of the journey. She tested several solutions before stabilizing her routine with an iScooter W8 type scooter, which she chose notably for its manageable weight of 21 kg and its ability to climb her stairs daily.
Her morning routine: She plugs in the scooter in the evening, unplugs it at around 90% in the morning (full charge not necessary for 16 km daily). She carries the scooter downstairs in two stages: on her shoulder for the first flight of stairs, a pause on the intermediate landing, then again on her shoulder to the ground floor. Total: about 3 minutes to get the equipment out.
The journey: She rides at 20 km/h on bike paths, switches to 15 km/h in busier areas, and uses sport mode (limited to 25 km/h) only on clear sections. Total duration: 22-25 minutes depending on traffic, compared to 35-40 minutes by bus and 20 minutes by car (but with an additional 10 minutes for parking).
After 18 months of use: She replaced the tires once (€80), adjusted the brakes twice (herself, free), and washed the scooter monthly. The battery's range has slightly decreased but remains sufficient for her commutes. She estimates having saved about €900 in transport subscriptions and gained 30 minutes per day (1 hour round trip by bus versus 50 minutes by scooter).
Limits encountered: During three rigorous winter months, she returned to the bus 2-3 days a week (snow, ice). Twice, she had punctures and had to finish on foot (about 1.5 km to a metro station). Once, the battery drained faster than expected due to strong headwind, forcing her to recharge at the office.
This case illustrates realistic use: neither perfect nor problematic, but overall positive and economically rational for this user profile. The initial investment of €420 was amortized in about 6 months of transport savings.
Frequently asked questions about daily use of an urban electric scooter
Can an electric scooter be used in the rain without risk of breakdown?
Yes, with an IPX4 certification, use in light to moderate rain is possible. Avoid large puddles and do not leave the device in heavy rain for hours. The greatest danger is not electrical but mechanical: braking distances increase significantly on wet roads, and the risk of skidding is real. Adjust your speed and double your safety distances.
How long does it take to fully charge the battery?
With a 48V 14Ah battery and a standard charger, a full charge takes approximately 6 to 8 hours. A charge from 20% to 80% (sufficient for daily use) takes about 4 hours. Charging overnight is the most common practice, avoiding any time constraints.
Is it legal to ride on sidewalks with an electric scooter?
No, in most European legislations, electric scooters must circulate on bike paths or, failing that, on the road. Sidewalks are reserved for pedestrians. Exceptions exist for explicitly authorized areas or in walk mode (maximum 6 km/h). Check the specific local regulations for your city.
What should I do if the scooter enters thermal protection mode on an uphill?
Stop in a safe place and let the motor cool down for 5 to 10 minutes. Do not force it by continuing to accelerate, as this can damage the motor. If this happens regularly on your commute, consider reducing speed before climbs or choosing an alternative, less steep route. This is a protection mechanism, not a defect.
Is a license or training required to use an electric scooter?
In Europe, no license is required for electric scooters limited to 25 km/h. Awareness of traffic rules is strongly recommended, especially for people who have never used a two-wheeler. Some cities offer free information sessions.
How to protect your scooter against theft?
Use a cable or U-lock, just like for a bicycle, attached to a fixed point. Electronic locking via an application prevents use but not physical transport. Do not leave the scooter unsupervised for long in high-risk areas. Home insurance sometimes covers theft, check your contract.
Choosing an electric scooter for daily commutes requires looking beyond technical specifications to focus on suitability for your actual use case. Weight, practical range, ease of maintenance, and legal compliance are more decisive criteria than maximum power or advanced features. For a beginner, an intermediate model offering a good balance between performance and practicality, such as the range represented by the iScooter W8, often constitutes a rational entry point into urban electric mobility, allowing you to concretely assess whether this mode of transport meets your needs before potentially considering more specialized equipment.
